Try this quick quiz on directional wattmeters – answers

Directional wattmeters are used in lots of ham stations, yet we see evidence in social media posts that many people do not understand them and the measurement context.

We have an RF source connected via a Bird 43 directional wattmeter with an appropriate 50Ω measurement element directly to a load resistance.

We measure the load voltage to be 100Vrms and the current to be 1Arms.

1. What is the power in the load?

100W

2. What does the directional wattmeter indicate for Pfwd?

112.5W

3. What does the directional wattmeter indicate for Prev?

12.5W

What is the implied VSWR?

2

4. Can the load power in this scenario be ‘measured’ using this instrument?

Yes, since the calibration impedance is a purely real value, measure Pfwd and Pref and calculate P=Pfwd-Prev.

Any surprises there?

Explanations to follow in the coming days.

KL7AJ’s forward and reverse power challenge

Recently on QRZ, KL7AJ opened a thread recommending his own slide presentation entitled “SWR meters make you stupid”.

After more than 100 posts, one of the participants tried to understand this diagram for the presentation.

Now there may have been some discussion at the meeting where this was presented, giving details that are missing from the slides. Continue reading KL7AJ’s forward and reverse power challenge

Try this quick quiz on directional wattmeters

Directional wattmeters are used in lots of ham stations, yet we see evidence in social media posts that many people do not understand them and the measurement context.

We have an RF source connected via a Bird 43 directional wattmeter with an appropriate 50Ω measurement element directly to a load resistance.

We measure the load voltage to be 100Vrms and the current to be 1Arms.

  1. What is the power in the load?
  2. What does the directional wattmeter indicate for Pfwd?
  3. What does the directional wattmeter indicate for Prev?
  4. What is the implied VSWR?
  5. Can the load power in this scenario be ‘measured’ using this instrument?

Get your slide rules out, jot your answers down. My answers in a day or two…

1:49 EFHW transformer using a Jaycar LO1238 core – measurement with antenna

This article presents measurements of an EFHW antenna system using the transformer design worked up at 1:49 EFHW transformer using a Jaycar LO1238 core – design workup and bench measurements at 1:49 EFHW transformer using a Jaycar LO1238 core – measurement of losses.

The antenna system

Let’s take a system view, component views including bench measurements as reference above are important in qualifying components (eg acceptable Loss), but at the end of the day, the system view is very important. Whilst this section gives a VSWR perspective, it does that in the context of qualified system components.

In this article the antenna system comprises 11m of RG58A/U cable, the transformer described above and 20m of ‘radiator’ wire. This configuration should have a fundamental resonance around 7MHz and support harmonic operation at around 14, 21, and 28MHz.

Note that these type of antenna systems exhibit some amount of inharmonicity, ie the higher modes are not exact integer multiples of the fundamental resonance, there are contributions from both the ‘radiator’ wire, ‘counterpoise’ system and transformer.

Above is the VSWR plot looking into 11m of RG58A/U cable. The VSWR at the transformer jack point will be marginally higher, but this plot is typical of what might be presented to a transceiver. Continue reading 1:49 EFHW transformer using a Jaycar LO1238 core – measurement with antenna

1:49 EFHW transformer using a Jaycar LO1238 core – measurement of losses

Introduction

This article presents a review of a EFHW transformer using a Jaycar LO1238 core, a pack of 2 for $8 at Jaycar stores (Australia). The LO1238 is a 35x21x13mm Toroid of L15 material (µi=1500). Boxed up, it is probably safely capable of about 5W continuous dissipation.

The design is described at 1:49 EFHW transformer using a Jaycar LO1238 core – design workup.

Implementation

Above is the internals of VK4MQ’s balun. I would not use the pink PTFE tape, the balun core is extremely low conductivity and it is doubtful the tape helps. Continue reading 1:49 EFHW transformer using a Jaycar LO1238 core – measurement of losses

1:49 EFHW transformer using a Jaycar LO1238 core – design workup

Introduction

There are several articles on this site describing EFHW transformers using the Jaycar LO1238 toroid, two particularly relevant ones are:

This article presents a design workup of a EFHW transformer using a Jaycar LO1238 core, a pack of 2 for $8 at Jaycar stores (Australia). The LO1238 is a 35x21x13mm Toroid of L15 material (µi=1500). Boxed up, it is probably safely capable of about 5W continuous dissipation.

I will use the meanings explained at On insertion loss.

The design was developed in a SimNEC model which models a EFHW transformer, and can be calibrated against measurements of implementations. This helps evolve the model and develop some experience for likely values for leakage inductance etc. Continue reading 1:49 EFHW transformer using a Jaycar LO1238 core – design workup

Woolly thinking superposes power on transmission lines

Recently on social media, F6AWN cited a “document written by a team of engineers working in a company of 12,000 people devoting to perfecting power” which ended with the following formula:

The paper does not state that the phasors are RMS, RMS phasors, but it appears so… so let’s use like. Continue reading Woolly thinking superposes power on transmission lines

K3EUI’s MyAntennas EFHW on 80m

Barry, K3EUI, posted some interesting measurements of his MyAntennas EFHW which he described with some useful detail:

I have been experimenting with a “MYANTENNA” 130 foot long “end-fed” with the 49:1 UNUN*

I replaced their 130 ft antenna wire with a heavier gauge #12 stranded insulated wire (I had a few hundred feet).*

This is classified as a ONE-HALF wavelength antenna on 80m, hence the need for the 49:1 UNUN to transform 50 ohm (coax) to a few thousand ohms*

It has resonances on the other ham bands (harmonically related) but I wanted it mostly for 80m.

One leg runs about 60 ft horizontally to a tree and then the next 70 ft makes a 90 degree bend (to fit into my yard) still horizontal.*

At this time I removed a 15 ft “counterpoise” wire on the GND side of the UNUN.

I will try it later this week (after the snow) as a “sloper” or an Inverted V up to a tall fir tree.

It is only about 20 ft above ground now (with 4 inches snow) for NVIS prop, and fed with 70 ft of RG213 coax (50 ohm) with a RF choke on the coax feed line 10 ft from UNUN (the counterpoise?) and another RF choke just as the coax enters the shack.

His VSWR curve is interesting, a minimum at source end of about 1.32 @ 3.66MHz as built and measured.

Minimum VSWR is about 1.32 @ 3.66MHz. Continue reading K3EUI’s MyAntennas EFHW on 80m

The black art of common mode current and two wire transmission lines

One of the very popular topics on ham social media is common mode current, and it seems whilst opinions are presented as fact, there is little sound science in evidence.

In a two wire transmission line, we can get good insight into the state of current balance by measuring three currents at a point along a transmission line:

  • I1 in one conductor;
  • I2 in the other conductor; and
  • I12 being the sum of the currents.

These can be measured using an RF current probe, essentially a current transformer for RF, and in the case of I12, it is measured by placing BOTH conductors through the centre of the current transformer so the flux is due to I1+I2 (not simply |I1|+|I2|). There are other ways to obtain I12, but in concept they work the same as passing both conductors through one current transformer. Continue reading The black art of common mode current and two wire transmission lines

Youtube – measuring velocity factor of coax cable

I keep being offered Youtube videos showing how to measure velocity factor of coaxial line.

I did indulge one this afternoon. The author explains that measuring s21 phase is the basis of his measurement.

The DUT for the demonstration is 3.76m of coax, no mention of where it was measured from and to.

No mention of the calibration details, so we might assume that a short jumper was used to connect Port 1 to Port 2 for the through test, perhaps the very one shown in the pic below.

Above is the test jig, one end of the coax (UHF plug) attaches to a UHF-F to SMA-M adapter which is attached to the VNA. The other end of the coax appears to connect via a UHF-M to a UHF-F to SMA-F adapter, and the 100mm long jumper cable. Continue reading Youtube – measuring velocity factor of coax cable