Exploiting your antenna analyser #25

Find coax cable velocity factor using an antenna analyser without using SOL calibration

A common task is to measure the velocity factor of a sample of coaxial transmission line using an instrument without using SOL calibration.

Whilst this seems a trivial task with a modern antenna analyser, it seems to challenge many hams.

We will use a little test fixture that I made for measuring small components, and for which I have made test loads for SOL calibration. We will find the frequency where reactance passes through zero at the first parallel resonance of an O/C stub section, this is at a length of approximately λ/2 (a good approximation for low loss coaxial cables above about 10MHz).

We will use a little test fixture that I made for measuring small components, and for which I have made test loads for SOL calibration.

The text fixture used for this demonstration is constructed on a SMA(M) PCB connector using some machined pin connector strip and N(M)-SMA(F) adapters to connect to the instrument.

VfMeasurement01

Above is a pic of the test fixture with adapters (in this case on a AA-600).

Aa600Fix01

Above are the OPEN, SHORT and LOAD components intended for SOL calibration, the left hand one will be used for the cable measurement.

Measurement with standard instrument calibration (ie not a custom SOL calibrated measurement

The problem is that these adapters all represent some significant propagation time that needs to be factored out of the measurement. Antscope has a feature to back out a length of transmission line, we will use that. This is not as accurate as SOL calibration, but it is a useful technique when SOL calibration is not available or convenient.

The O test load (the pair of open machined pins is plugged into the adapter, and a scan taken. The scan shows some residual shunt capacitive reactance  (viewed in Zpar mode) which is due to the test fixture. We can approximately back that out by using the subtract cable feature, adjusting the length for maximum Zpar.

Screenshot - 05_09_16 , 07_09_45

The cable backout adjusts for the 280ps propagation delay and Z0 and resulting impedance transformation from the instruments calibration plane to the fixture’s measurement plane. Measuring balun common mode impedance gives a more detailed procedure for backing out the test fixture.

 

Screenshot - 03_09_16 , 14_39_23

The prepared cable end is carefully pushed just 1mm onto the pins to connect the inner and outer conductors to inside and an outer pin of the adapter (as shown earlier). The DUT is scanned in search of the consistent sensible first half wave resonance, In this case 184.000MHz.

A half wavelength in free space h0 at that frequency is found by dividing c0 by twice the frequency, so h0=299792458/184000000/2=814.7mm.

Velocity factor is found by dividing the DUT length by h0, vf=661/814.7=0.81.

Now that length can be used in designing tune line lengths such as phasing lines etc. Do not ignore the effect of connectors in such applications.

Different fixtures

By all means, design and use your own fixtures but be aware of any change to connection lengths to the DUT that will invalidate the calibration. attempting to measure sample line sections with connectors on them of unknown electrical length, and worse, ones of unknown Z0 as well (eg UHF connectors) can introduce significant error.

Watch the blog for continuing postings in the series Exploiting your antenna analyser. See also Exploiting your antenna analyser – contents.