The findings at InsertionVSWR of Revex W560 on HF and the suggestion that the low frequency problem is characteristic of poorly designed Sontheimer couplers (Sontheimer, C & Frederick 1966).
These couplers were popularised by (Grebenkemper 1987) in his Tandem Match – An Accurate Directional Wattmeter and have appeared in ARRL handbooks over the decades, and may have inspired the many commercial implementations of the coupler.
Grebenkemper claims his meter is ‘good’ down to 1.8MHz, but does not clearly claim any particular InsertionVSWR. There is limited value in an instrument that can measure down to 1.05 when it causes significantly higher VSWR itself.
Lets drill down on Gebenkember’s article, specifically the coupler design.
The above pic is from a recent ARRL handbook, and is a clear exposition of the coupler.
Grebenkemper specified T50-3 cores with 31t and 1t. Note that the 31t winding on the right hand transformer above appears in shunt with the through transmission line, and its magnetising impedance shunts the load.
Grebenkemper used T50-3 powdered iron cores, and we can pretty much ignore core loss at 1.8MHz when calculating the magnetising impedance. Additionally, permeability is probably very close to its low frequency value, so we can assume μr=35 at 1.8MHz. It turns out that the calculated impedance is not very sensitive to equivalent self capacitance, so we can make that zero.
Above is the core magnetising impedance and admittance.
Let us calculate the InsertionVSWR expected when this inductor shunts a 50Ω load (Y=0.02S).
Above, we find the InsertionVSWR would be 1.31.
This analysis flags a serious risk that couplers built to Grebenkemper’s instructions, and those similar to it, are unlikely to have acceptable Insertion VSWR at 1.8MHz.
References
- Duffy, O. Jul 2016. InsertionVSWR of Revex W560 on HF.
- Grebenkemper, L. Jan 1987. The tandem match – an accurate directional wattmeter In QST.
- Sontheimer, C & Frederick, RE. Apr 1966. Broadband directional coupler. US Patent 3,426,298.